Merge e59c65cf45 into 930a0ea73b

Cargo.lock

@@ -186,12 +186,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "foldhash"
-version = "0.1.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f81ec6369c545a7d40e4589b5597581fa1c441fe1cce96dd1de43159910a36a2"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "fsevent-sys"
 version = "4.1.0"
@@ -283,9 +277,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.159"
+version = "0.2.160"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "561d97a539a36e26a9a5fad1ea11a3039a67714694aaa379433e580854bc3dc5"
+checksum = "f0b21006cd1874ae9e650973c565615676dc4a274c965bb0a73796dac838ce4f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libredox"
@@ -410,9 +404,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.87"
+version = "1.0.88"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b3e4daa0dcf6feba26f985457cdf104d4b4256fc5a09547140f3631bb076b19a"
+checksum = "7c3a7fc5db1e57d5a779a352c8cdb57b29aa4c40cc69c3a68a7fedc815fbf2f9"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -455,7 +449,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "clap",
  "crossterm",
- "foldhash",
  "notify",
  "os_pipe",
  "rustix",

Cargo.toml

@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ include = [
 anyhow = "1.0.89"
 clap = { version = "4.5.20", features = ["derive"] }
 crossterm = { version = "0.28.1", default-features = false, features = ["windows", "events"] }
-foldhash = "0.1.3"
 notify = { version = "6.1.1", default-features = false, features = ["macos_fsevent"] }
 os_pipe = "1.2.1"
 rustlings-macros = { path = "rustlings-macros", version = "=6.3.0" }

README.md

@@ -124,14 +124,13 @@ The list allows you to…
 
 - See the status of all exercises (done or pending)
 - `c`: Continue at another exercise (temporarily skip some exercises or go back to a previous one)
-- `r`: Reset status and file of an exercise (you need to _reload/reopen_ its file in your editor afterwards)
+- `r`: Reset status and file of the selected exercise (you need to _reload/reopen_ its file in your editor afterwards)
 
 See the footer of the list for all possible keys.
 
-## Continuing On
+## Questions?
 
-Once you've completed Rustlings, put your new knowledge to good use!
+If you need any help while doing the exercises and the builtin-hints aren't helpful, feel free to ask in the [_Q&A_ category of the discussions](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/discussions/categories/q-a?discussions_q=) if your question wasn't asked yet 💡
-Continue practicing your Rust skills by building your own projects, contributing to Rustlings, or finding other open-source projects to contribute to.
 
 ## Third-Party Exercises
 
@@ -144,6 +143,11 @@ Do you want to create your own set of Rustlings exercises to focus on some speci
 Or do you want to translate the original Rustlings exercises?
 Then follow the the guide about [third-party exercises](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/blob/main/THIRD_PARTY_EXERCISES.md)!
 
+## Continuing On
+
+Once you've completed Rustlings, put your new knowledge to good use!
+Continue practicing your Rust skills by building your own projects, contributing to Rustlings, or finding other open-source projects to contribute to.
+
 ## Uninstalling Rustlings
 
 If you want to remove Rustlings from your system, run the following command:

clippy.toml

@@ -5,9 +5,6 @@ disallowed-types = [
 ]
 
 disallowed-methods = [
-  # We use `foldhash` instead of the default hasher.
-  "std::collections::HashSet::new",
-  "std::collections::HashSet::with_capacity",
   # Inefficient. Use `.queue(…)` instead.
   "crossterm::style::style",
   # Use `thread::Builder::spawn` instead and handle the error.

dev/Cargo.toml

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ bin = [
   { name = "functions4_sol", path = "../solutions/02_functions/functions4.rs" },
   { name = "functions5", path = "../exercises/02_functions/functions5.rs" },
   { name = "functions5_sol", path = "../solutions/02_functions/functions5.rs" },
+  { name = "functions6", path = "../exercises/02_functions/functions6.rs" },
+  { name = "functions6_sol", path = "../solutions/02_functions/functions6.rs" },
   { name = "if1", path = "../exercises/03_if/if1.rs" },
   { name = "if1_sol", path = "../solutions/03_if/if1.rs" },
   { name = "if2", path = "../exercises/03_if/if2.rs" },
@@ -60,6 +62,8 @@ bin = [
   { name = "move_semantics4_sol", path = "../solutions/06_move_semantics/move_semantics4.rs" },
   { name = "move_semantics5", path = "../exercises/06_move_semantics/move_semantics5.rs" },
   { name = "move_semantics5_sol", path = "../solutions/06_move_semantics/move_semantics5.rs" },
+  { name = "move_semantics6", path = "../exercises/06_move_semantics/move_semantics6.rs" },
+  { name = "move_semantics6_sol", path = "../solutions/06_move_semantics/move_semantics6.rs" },
   { name = "structs1", path = "../exercises/07_structs/structs1.rs" },
   { name = "structs1_sol", path = "../solutions/07_structs/structs1.rs" },
   { name = "structs2", path = "../exercises/07_structs/structs2.rs" },

exercises/02_functions/README.md

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 # Functions
 
 Here, you'll learn how to write functions and how the Rust compiler can help you debug errors even
-in more complex code.
+in more complex code. You will also learn what is the difference with closures.
 
 ## Further information
 
 - [How Functions Work](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-03-how-functions-work.html)
+- [Closures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-01-closures.html)

exercises/02_functions/functions6.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// functions6.rs
+//
+// Here you can practice special functions called `closures`, that can capture
+// variables of their parent context.
+// Fix the code below to make it compile, without changing the two closure
+// definitions.
+//
+// Execute `rustlings hint functions6` or use the `hint` watch subcommand for
+// some hints.
+
+fn main() {
+  // TODO: ensure the definition of captured variable
+  let closure_1 = |input_var: u32| -> u32 {input_var + outer_var};
+  println!("Closure#1 returns {}", closure_1(5));
+
+  let closure_2 = |input_var| println!("Closure#2 (input_var {})", input_var);
+  closure_2(2);
+  closure_2("5"); // TODO: look at the captured variable type here
+}

exercises/06_move_semantics/move_semantics6.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// move_semantics6.rs
+//
+// Here you will practice how mutable/immutable borrowing works in the context
+// of a closure.
+//
+// Try to fix this code to make it compile and not panic.
+// You can't change anything except removing 1 line.
+//
+// Execute `rustlings hint move_semantics7` or use the `hint` watch subcommand
+// for a hint.
+
+fn main() {
+  let mut counter = 0;
+
+  let mut increment = || {
+    counter += 1;
+    println!("counter equals {}", counter);
+  };
+
+  increment();
+  let _reborrowed_counter = &counter; // TODO: figure out where to put this borrowing instruction
+  increment();
+
+  assert_eq!(counter, 2);
+}

exercises/11_hashmaps/hashmaps3.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ struct TeamScores {
 
 fn build_scores_table(results: &str) -> HashMap<&str, TeamScores> {
     // The name of the team is the key and its associated struct is the value.
-    let mut scores = HashMap::new();
+    let mut scores = HashMap::<&str, TeamScores>::new();
 
     for line in results.lines() {
         let mut split_iterator = line.split(',');

exercises/README.md

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 | Exercise               | Book Chapter        |
 | ---------------------- | ------------------- |
 | variables              | §3.1                |
-| functions              | §3.3                |
+| functions              | §3.3, §13.1         |
 | if                     | §3.5                |
 | primitive_types        | §3.2, §4.3          |
 | vecs                   | §8.1                |

rustlings-macros/info.toml

@@ -187,6 +187,20 @@ There are two solutions:
 1. Add the `return` keyword before `num * num;`
 2. Remove the semicolon `;` after `num * num`"""
 
+[[exercises]]
+name = "functions6"
+dir = "02_functions"
+test = false
+hint = """
+Hint FIX #1: Closures can capture variables defined in the outer context.
+
+Hint FIX #2: Closures can infer both input and returned types, when they are not
+specified in the signature. But the closure cannot be reused with different
+input types.
+
+Read more about closures in the rust book dedicated section:
+https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-01-closures.html"""
+
 # IF
 
 [[exercises]]
@@ -391,6 +405,18 @@ The first problem is that `get_char` is taking ownership of the string. So
 Once you've fixed that, `string_uppercase`'s function signature will also need
 to be adjusted."""
 
+[[exercises]]
+name = "move_semantics6"
+dir = "06_move_semantics"
+test = false
+hint = """
+When a closure captures a variable to modify it, it actually borrows that variable
+as a mutable reference. In this exercise, the closure mutably borrows the `counter`
+variable, thus, any attempt to borrow `counter` between closure calls leads to an error.
+
+You cannot immutably borrow a variable if a mutable closure is
+called later in the scope."""
+
 # STRUCTS
 
 [[exercises]]
@@ -575,12 +601,8 @@ https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch08-03-hash-maps.html#only-inserting-a-value-if-
 name = "hashmaps3"
 dir = "11_hashmaps"
 hint = """
-Hint 1: Use the `entry()` and `or_insert()` (or `or_insert_with()`) methods of
+Hint 1: Use the `entry()` and `or_default()` methods of `HashMap` to insert the
-        `HashMap` to insert the default value of `TeamScores` if a team doesn't
+        default value of `TeamScores` if a team doesn't exist in the table yet.
-        exist in the table yet.
-
-Learn more in The Book:
-https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch08-03-hash-maps.html#only-inserting-a-value-if-the-key-has-no-value
 
 Hint 2: If there is already an entry for a given key, the value returned by
         `entry()` can be updated based on the existing value.

solutions/02_functions/functions6.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+fn main() {
+    let outer_var = 1;
+    let closure_1 = |input_var: u32| -> u32 { input_var + outer_var };
+    println!("Closure#1 returns {}", closure_1(5));
+
+    let closure_2 = |input_var| println!("Closure#2 (input_var {})", input_var);
+    closure_2(2);
+    closure_2(5);
+}

solutions/06_move_semantics/move_semantics6.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+fn main() {
+    let mut counter = 0;
+
+    let mut increment = || {
+        counter += 1;
+        println!("counter equals {}", counter);
+    };
+
+    increment();
+    increment();
+    let _reborrowed_counter = &counter;
+
+    assert_eq!(counter, 2);
+}

solutions/11_hashmaps/hashmaps3.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ struct TeamScores {
 
 fn build_scores_table(results: &str) -> HashMap<&str, TeamScores> {
     // The name of the team is the key and its associated struct is the value.
-    let mut scores = HashMap::new();
+    let mut scores = HashMap::<&str, TeamScores>::new();
 
     for line in results.lines() {
         let mut split_iterator = line.split(',');
@@ -28,17 +28,13 @@ fn build_scores_table(results: &str) -> HashMap<&str, TeamScores> {
         let team_2_score: u8 = split_iterator.next().unwrap().parse().unwrap();
 
         // Insert the default with zeros if a team doesn't exist yet.
-        let team_1 = scores
+        let team_1 = scores.entry(team_1_name).or_default();
-            .entry(team_1_name)
-            .or_insert_with(TeamScores::default);
         // Update the values.
         team_1.goals_scored += team_1_score;
         team_1.goals_conceded += team_2_score;
 
         // Similarly for the second team.
-        let team_2 = scores
+        let team_2 = scores.entry(team_2_name).or_default();
-            .entry(team_2_name)
-            .or_insert_with(TeamScores::default);
         team_2.goals_scored += team_2_score;
         team_2.goals_conceded += team_1_score;
     }

src/app_state.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use anyhow::{bail, Context, Error, Result};
 use crossterm::{cursor, terminal, QueueableCommand};
 use std::{
+    collections::HashSet,
     env,
     fs::{File, OpenOptions},
     io::{Read, Seek, StdoutLock, Write},
@@ -16,7 +17,6 @@ use std::{
 use crate::{
     clear_terminal,
     cmd::CmdRunner,
-    collections::hash_set_with_capacity,
     embedded::EMBEDDED_FILES,
     exercise::{Exercise, RunnableExercise},
     info_file::ExerciseInfo,
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ impl AppState {
                 break 'block StateFileStatus::NotRead;
             }
 
-            let mut done_exercises = hash_set_with_capacity(exercises.len());
+            let mut done_exercises = HashSet::with_capacity(exercises.len());
 
             for done_exercise_name in lines {
                 if done_exercise_name.is_empty() {

src/cmd.rs

@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ pub struct CargoSubcommand<'out> {
     output: Option<&'out mut Vec<u8>>,
 }
 
-impl<'out> CargoSubcommand<'out> {
+impl CargoSubcommand<'_> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn args<'arg, I>(&mut self, args: I) -> &mut Self
     where

src/collections.rs

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-use foldhash::fast::FixedState;
-
-/// DOS attacks aren't a concern for Rustlings. Therefore, we use `foldhash` with a fixed state.
-pub type HashSet<T> = std::collections::HashSet<T, FixedState>;
-
-#[inline]
-pub fn hash_set_with_capacity<T>(capacity: usize) -> HashSet<T> {
-    HashSet::with_capacity_and_hasher(capacity, FixedState::default())
-}

src/dev/check.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Error, Result};
 use std::{
     cmp::Ordering,
+    collections::HashSet,
     fs::{self, read_dir, OpenOptions},
     io::{self, Read, Write},
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
@@ -11,7 +12,6 @@ use std::{
 use crate::{
     cargo_toml::{append_bins, bins_start_end_ind, BINS_BUFFER_CAPACITY},
     cmd::CmdRunner,
-    collections::{hash_set_with_capacity, HashSet},
     exercise::{RunnableExercise, OUTPUT_CAPACITY},
     info_file::{ExerciseInfo, InfoFile},
     CURRENT_FORMAT_VERSION,
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ fn check_cargo_toml(
 
 // Check the info of all exercises and return their paths in a set.
 fn check_info_file_exercises(info_file: &InfoFile) -> Result<HashSet<PathBuf>> {
-    let mut names = hash_set_with_capacity(info_file.exercises.len());
+    let mut names = HashSet::with_capacity(info_file.exercises.len());
-    let mut paths = hash_set_with_capacity(info_file.exercises.len());
+    let mut paths = HashSet::with_capacity(info_file.exercises.len());
 
     let mut file_buf = String::with_capacity(1 << 14);
     for exercise_info in &info_file.exercises {
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ fn check_solutions(
         .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
         .context("Failed to spawn a thread to check a solution")?;
 
-    let mut sol_paths = hash_set_with_capacity(info_file.exercises.len());
+    let mut sol_paths = HashSet::with_capacity(info_file.exercises.len());
     let mut fmt_cmd = Command::new("rustfmt");
     fmt_cmd
         .arg("--check")

src/list/state.rs

@@ -105,6 +105,28 @@ impl<'a> ListState<'a> {
         );
     }
 
+    fn draw_exericse_name(&self, writer: &mut MaxLenWriter, exercise: &Exercise) -> io::Result<()> {
+        if !self.search_query.is_empty() {
+            if let Some((pre_highlight, highlight, post_highlight)) = exercise
+                .name
+                .find(&self.search_query)
+                .and_then(|ind| exercise.name.split_at_checked(ind))
+                .and_then(|(pre_highlight, rest)| {
+                    rest.split_at_checked(self.search_query.len())
+                        .map(|x| (pre_highlight, x.0, x.1))
+                })
+            {
+                writer.write_str(pre_highlight)?;
+                writer.stdout.queue(SetForegroundColor(Color::Magenta))?;
+                writer.write_str(highlight)?;
+                writer.stdout.queue(ResetColor)?;
+                return writer.write_str(post_highlight);
+            }
+        }
+
+        writer.write_str(exercise.name)
+    }
+
     fn draw_rows(
         &self,
         stdout: &mut StdoutLock,
@@ -147,10 +169,10 @@ impl<'a> ListState<'a> {
                 writer.stdout.queue(SetForegroundColor(Color::Yellow))?;
                 writer.write_ascii(b"PENDING  ")?;
             }
-
             writer.stdout.queue(SetForegroundColor(Color::Reset))?;
 
-            writer.write_str(exercise.name)?;
+            self.draw_exericse_name(&mut writer, exercise)?;
+
             writer.write_ascii(&self.name_col_padding[exercise.name.len()..])?;
 
             // The list links aren't shown correctly in VS Code on Windows.

src/main.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ use self::{app_state::AppState, dev::DevCommands, info_file::InfoFile};
 mod app_state;
 mod cargo_toml;
 mod cmd;
-mod collections;
 mod dev;
 mod embedded;
 mod exercise;

src/term.rs

@@ -11,15 +11,15 @@ use std::{
 
 use crate::app_state::CheckProgress;
 
-pub struct MaxLenWriter<'a, 'b> {
+pub struct MaxLenWriter<'a, 'lock> {
-    pub stdout: &'a mut StdoutLock<'b>,
+    pub stdout: &'a mut StdoutLock<'lock>,
     len: usize,
     max_len: usize,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b> MaxLenWriter<'a, 'b> {
+impl<'a, 'lock> MaxLenWriter<'a, 'lock> {
     #[inline]
-    pub fn new(stdout: &'a mut StdoutLock<'b>, max_len: usize) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(stdout: &'a mut StdoutLock<'lock>, max_len: usize) -> Self {
         Self {
             stdout,
             len: 0,
@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> MaxLenWriter<'a, 'b> {
     }
 }
 
-pub trait CountedWrite<'a> {
+pub trait CountedWrite<'lock> {
     fn write_ascii(&mut self, ascii: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()>;
     fn write_str(&mut self, unicode: &str) -> io::Result<()>;
-    fn stdout(&mut self) -> &mut StdoutLock<'a>;
+    fn stdout(&mut self) -> &mut StdoutLock<'lock>;
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b> CountedWrite<'b> for MaxLenWriter<'a, 'b> {
+impl<'lock> CountedWrite<'lock> for MaxLenWriter<'_, 'lock> {
     fn write_ascii(&mut self, ascii: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
         let n = ascii.len().min(self.max_len.saturating_sub(self.len));
         if n > 0 {
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> CountedWrite<'b> for MaxLenWriter<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn stdout(&mut self) -> &mut StdoutLock<'b> {
+    fn stdout(&mut self) -> &mut StdoutLock<'lock> {
         self.stdout
     }
 }
@@ -87,17 +87,17 @@ impl<'a> CountedWrite<'a> for StdoutLock<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-pub struct CheckProgressVisualizer<'a, 'b> {
+pub struct CheckProgressVisualizer<'a, 'lock> {
-    stdout: &'a mut StdoutLock<'b>,
+    stdout: &'a mut StdoutLock<'lock>,
     n_cols: usize,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b> CheckProgressVisualizer<'a, 'b> {
+impl<'a, 'lock> CheckProgressVisualizer<'a, 'lock> {
     const CHECKING_COLOR: Color = Color::Blue;
     const DONE_COLOR: Color = Color::Green;
     const PENDING_COLOR: Color = Color::Red;
 
-    pub fn build(stdout: &'a mut StdoutLock<'b>, term_width: u16) -> io::Result<Self> {
+    pub fn build(stdout: &'a mut StdoutLock<'lock>, term_width: u16) -> io::Result<Self> {
         clear_terminal(stdout)?;
         stdout.write_all("Checking all exercises…\n".as_bytes())?;